Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian held his first press conference since assuming office on September 16. Getty Images
Iran’s parliament has passed a strict new law enforcing modesty rules, intensifying the country’s dress code requirements amid public backlash and unresolved tensions from past protests. The "chastity and hijab" law, approved by the Guardian Council for constitutional and Islamic compliance, awaits President Masoud Pezeshkian’s signature, a largely ceremonial step under Iran's political system.
The law imposes harsher penalties for dress code violations by both men and women. Women face restrictions against revealing attire like tight clothes or outfits exposing the neck, ankles, or forearms. Men are barred from exposing their chests, knees, or shoulders. Violations come with steep consequences, including fines, prison sentences, travel bans, and restricted access to services like internet and passports.
Businesses failing to enforce the dress code face heavy financial penalties, possible jail time, and limits on advertising. The law also extends to digital spaces, mandating social media platforms to monitor content and penalize influencers or public figures who challenge the regulations. Surveillance is set to expand, utilizing traffic and government cameras powered by artificial intelligence. Citizens are encouraged to report violators through a police hotline.
The bill stems from hardline factions within the parliament and has faced criticism for bypassing public debate. Critics like Sina Toossi argue that it ignores public sentiment and risks destabilizing the country further. The legislation’s roots trace back to a draft proposed in May 2023 by former President Ebrahim Raisi, following protests over the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini in police custody. That incident had sparked nationwide demonstrations against mandatory hijab laws, leading to over 500 deaths during government crackdowns, according to the United Nations.
President Pezeshkian, elected on a reformist platform, has voiced his opposition to the law, arguing for dialogue and societal harmony. In a post on X, he expressed concerns about the law’s vague language and potential to disrupt unity. While he cannot veto the law, experts believe he might appeal to Iran’s Supreme Leader or other high-ranking bodies to seek amendments or delays.
The broader context of the law reflects a power struggle within Iran’s political landscape. Hardline conservatives dominate unelected bodies and parliament, while the president and elected government remain limited in their ability to enact reforms. Pezeshkian faces an “uphill battle,” says journalist Negar Mortazavi, as the regime’s enforcement of such laws contrasts with public opinion and reformist promises.
The law is expected to take effect on December 13, marking the start of a three-year trial period. Despite his limited authority, Pezeshkian has vowed to continue advocating for individual freedoms, highlighting the growing divide between hardline authorities and the Iranian populace.
